![]() Collective action to enforce cooperative behavior through reputation, rules, laws, democratic or another collective decision making, and explicit social punishment for defections transforms many prisoner’s dilemmas toward the more collectively beneficial cooperative outcomes.Īlso, some people and groups of people have developed psychological and behavioral biases over time such as higher trust in one another, long-term future orientation in repeated interactions, and inclinations toward positive reciprocity of cooperative behavior or negative reciprocity of defecting behaviors. People have developed formal institutional strategies to alter the incentives that individual decision-makers face. ![]() ![]() A true prisoner's dilemma is typically played only once with repetition, people can begin to predict others' behavior and learn from mistakes and adverse outcomes. In the real world, most economic and other human interactions are repeated more than once. Over time, people have worked out a variety of solutions to prisoner’s dilemmas in order to overcome individual incentives in favor of the common good.
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